Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of Privately-run Schools (Amended in 2018)
Promulgation Authority: Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress
Release date 2018-12-29
Effective on 2018-12-29
Source: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/202204/t20220421_620261.html
Original Title: 中华人民共和国民办教育促进法（2018修正）
(Adopted at the 31st Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People’s Congress on December 28, 2002; amended for the first time according to Decision on Amending 12 Laws including the Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China at the 3rd Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People’s Congress on June 29, 2013; amended for the second time according to Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Revising the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of Privately-run Schools at the 24th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People’s Congress on November 7, 2016; and amended for the third time according to the Decision on Amending 7 Laws including the Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China at the 7th Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress on December 29, 2018)
Article 1 This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution and the Education Law with a view to implementing the strategy of invigorating the country through science, technology and education, promoting the sound development of privately-run schools, and safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of the privately-run schools and the educatees.
Article 2 This Law shall be applicable to activities conducted by public organizations or individuals, other than State organs, to establish and run schools and other institutions of education with non-governmental financial funds, which are geared to the need of society. In cases to which no provisions of this Law are applicable, the provisions in the Education Law and other laws concerning education shall apply.
Article 3 Privately-run schools belong to public welfare undertakings and constitute a component part of the cause of socialist education.With regard to privately-run schools, the State applies the principles of enthusiastic encouragement, vigorous support, correct guidance, and administration according to law.
People’s governments at all levels shall incorporate the undertakings of the privately-run schools into their plans of national economic and social development.
Article 4 Privately-run policy schools shall abide by laws and regulations, implement the educational policy of the State, guarantee the educational quality and devote their efforts to the training of various types of people for the cause of socialist development.Privately-run schools shall implement the principle of separating education from religion. No organizations or individual may make use of religion to conduct activities designed to interfere with the educational system of the State.
Article 5 Privately-run schools and government-run schools shall share equal legal status, and the State safeguards the autonomy of the privately-run schools.The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the sponsors, principals, teachers and staff members and educatees of privately-run schools.
Article 6 The State encourages donations made for establishing and running schools.The State rewards and commends organizations and individuals that have made outstanding contributions to the development of the undertakings of privately-run schools.
Article 7 The administrative department for education under the State Council shall be in charge of the overall planning, comprehensive coordination and macro-administration of the work relating to privately-run schools nationwide.The administrative department(s) for human resources and social security and the relevant departments under the State Council shall respectively be in charge of the work relating to the privately-run schools within the scope of their duties as defined by the State Council.
Article 8 The administrative departments for education under the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the work relating to privately-run schools in their own administrative regions.The administrative department(s) for human resources and social security and the relevant departments under the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall respectively be responsible for the work relating to privately-run schools within the scope of their duties.
Article 9 The grassroots organizations of the Communist Party of China in privately-run schools shall carry out the Party activities and strengthen the Party building in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China.
Article 10 Public organizations that establish privately-run schools shall possess the qualifications of a legal person.Individuals that establish privately-run schools shall possess political rights and full capacity for civil conduct.
A privately-run school shall have the qualifications of a legal person.
Article 11 The establishment of a privately-run school shall meet the local need for educational development and the requirements provided for by the Education Law and relevant laws and regulations.The standards for establishment of privately-run schools shall, mutatis mutandis, conform to those for establishment of government-run schools of the same grade and category.
Article 12 The establishment of privately-run schools that provide education for academic credentials, pre-school education, training for preparing self-study examinations and other cultural education shall be subject to examination and approval by the administrative departments for education under the people’s governments at or above the county level within the limits of their powers as defined by the State; the establishment of privately-run schools that mainly provide training for vocational skills, including training for vocational qualification, shall be subject to examination and approval by the administrative department(s) for human resources and social security under the people’s governments at or above the county level within the limits of their powers as defined by the State, which shall send a copy of the approval document to the administrative department for education at the same level for the record.
Article 13 To apply for preparing to establish a privately-run school, the sponsor shall submit the following materials to the examination and approval authority:
(1) an application, the contents of which mainly include: the sponsor, the aims of education, size of the student body, level of the school, forms of education, conditions for establishing and running the school, internal management system, raising of funds and their management and use, etc.;
(2) name or tile the sponsor and its address;
(3) source of the assets, amount of the funds and their effective certificates, in which the property rights are clearly stated; and
(4) where the assets of the school are donated, an agreement on the donations, in which the names of the donators, the amount of the assets donated, their use and management, and the relevant effective certificates are clearly stated.
Article 14 The examination and approval authority shall, within 30 days from the date it receives the application for preparing to establish a privately-run school, make a decision in writing on whether to approve it or not.If it approves the application, it shall issue a written approval for preparing to establish the school; and if it does not approve the application, it shall explain the reasons.
The period of preparation for establishment of such a school shall not exceed three years; and if it exceeds three years, the sponsor shall renew its application.
Article 15 To apply for official establishment of a privately-run school, the sponsor shall submit the following materials to the examination and approval authority:
(1) the written approval for preparing to establish the school;
(2) a report on the preparations made for the establishment;
(3) articles of association of the school and the name lists of the component members of the first executive council, board of directors or other decision-making bodies of the school;
(4) effective certificates of the assets of the school; and
(5) qualification certificates of the principal, teachers, and book-keepers and accountants.
Article 16 Where conditions for the establishment of a school are satisfied and the standards for establishment are reached, an application may directly be made for its official establishment, and the materials specified in Article 13 and Items (3), (4) and (5) of Article 15 of this Law shall be submitted.
Article 17 Where an application for official establishment of a privately-run school is made, the examination and approval authority shall, within three months from the date it receives the application, make a decision in writing on whether to approve it or not, and serve the decision on the applicant; and where, in this regard, an application is made for the official establishment of a privately-run institution of higher education, the examination and approval authority may, within six months from the date it receives the application, likewise make a decision in writing on whether to approve it or not and serve the decision on the applicant.
Article 18 The examination and approval authority shall issue a license for establishment of a school to the privately-run school for the official establishment of which it gives approval.Where the examination and approval authority does not approve the official establishment of a privately-run school, it shall explain the reasons.
Article 19 The sponsors of privately-run schools may establish non-profit or for-profit privately-run schools at their own discretion. However, they shall not establish for-profit privately-run schools providing compulsory education.The sponsor of a non-profit privately-run school shall not gain proceeds from school running, and the cash surplus of the school shall be used for school running.
The sponsor of a for-profit privately-run school may gain proceeds from school running, and the cash surplus of the school shall be disposed of in accordance with the Company Law and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Where a privately-run school applies for registration as a legal person after obtaining the license for establishment, the registration authority shall handle the matter in accordance with the law.
Chapter III Organizations and Activities of Schools
Article 20 A privately-run school shall establish an executive council, a board of directors or other forms of decision-making bodies and establish the corresponding supervision mechanism.The sponsor of a privately-run school shall participate in school running and management in accordance with powers and procedures specified in the clause s of articles of association of the school.
Article 21 The executive council or the board of directors of a privately-run school shall be composed of the sponsors or their representatives, the principal, and the representatives of the teachers and staff members. More than one-third of the council members or directors shall, at least, have five years’ education or teaching experience each.The executive council or the board of directors of a privately-run school shall be composed of not less than five persons, with one of them serving as chairman of the council or board. The name list of the chairman and members of the council or the chairman of the board and directors shall be submitted to the examination and approval authority for the record.
Article 22 The executive council or the board of directors of a privately-run school shall exercise the following functions and powers:
(1) to appoint and dismiss the principal;
(2) to amend the articles of association of the school and formulate rules and regulations of the school;
(3) to make development plans and approve annual work plans;
(4) to raise funds for running the school, and examine and verify the budgets and final accounts;
(5) to decide on the size and the wage standards of the teachers and staff members;
(6) to decide on the division, merging and termination of the school; and
(7) to decide on other important matters.The functions and powers of other forms of decision-making bodies shall be defined in reference to the provisions of this Article.
Article 23 The chairman of the executive council or the board of directors or the principal of a privately-run school shall serve as the legal representative of the school.
Article 24 A privately-run school shall, in reference to the qualifications for the principal of a government-run school of the same grade and category, appoint its principal, and the age limit may appropriately be extended both ways.
Article 25 The principal of a privately-run school shall be in charge of education, teaching and administration of the school, and exercise the following functions and powers:
(1) to carry out the decisions made by the executive council, board of directors or any other form of decision-making body;
(2) to put into execution the development plans, draw up the annual work plans and financial budgets, and formulate the rules and regulations of the school;
(3) to appoint and dismiss staff members of the school, and give rewards and impose punishments;
(4) to make arrangements for education, teaching and scientific research, and ensure the quality of education and teaching;
(5) to be responsible for the daily work of school administration; and
(6) other powers delegated by the executive council, the board of directors or any other form of decision-making body of the school.
Article 26 A privately-run school may, on the basis of their classifications, the length of schooling and their academic performance and in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State, issue academic credentials, certificates for completing a course or qualification certificates of training to the students it enrolled.Students who receive training in vocational skills may be awarded vocational qualification certificates of the State when they are considered qualified by the vocational skills appraisal authority that has been filed for the record.
Article 27 A privately-run school shall, in accordance with law, ensure that the teachers and staff members participate in democratic management and supervision through the representative assembly of the teachers and staff members with the teachers as the main body, or through other forms.Teachers and staff members of a privately-run school shall, in accordance with the Trade Union Law, have the right to form trade union organizations to protect their lawful rights and interests.
Chapter IV Teachers and Educatees
Article 28 Teachers and educatees of privately-run schools shall enjoy equal legal status as the teachers and educatees of government-run schools shall.
Article 29 Teachers appointed by privately-run schools shall possess the qualifications for teaching specified by the State.
Article 30 Privately-run schools shall conduct ideological and moral education and professional training among teachers.
Article 31 A privately-run school shall guarantee the wages, welfare benefits and other legitimate rights and interests of its teachers and staff members in accordance with the law, and pay social insurance premiums for them.The State encourages privately-run schools to procure supplementary old-age insurance for their teachers and staff members according to relevant provisions.
Article 32 The teachers and staff members of privately-run schools shall, in accordance with law, share equal rights with those of government-run schools in respect of professional training, appointment of posts, calculation of the length of service as a teacher or staff member, commendation and reward, and social activities.
Article 33 Privately-run schools shall, in accordance with the law, safeguard the lawful rights and interests of educatees.Privately-run schools shall, in accordance with the regulations of the State, establish the system for administration of students’ records and give rewards to educatees or impose penalties on them.
Article 34 Educatees of privately-run schools shall enjoy equal rights as those of government-run schools of the same grade and category in respect of admission into schools of a higher grade, employment, preferential treatment and being elected as advanced students.
Chapter V School Assets and Financial Management
Article 35 Privately-run schools shall, in accordance with the law, establish the financial and accounting system and assets management system, and keep account books in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 36 Privately-run schools shall enjoy the property rights of a legal person in respect of the assets provided by sponsors to privately-run schools, State-owned assets, donated property and school accumulation.
Article 37 During the period of existence of privately-run schools, all the assets shall, in accordance with the law, be managed and used by the schools, and no organization or individual may take illegal possession of them.No organization or individual may, in violation of laws or regulations, collect any fees from privately-run institutions of education.
Article 38 The items and rates of fees to be charged by privately-run schools shall be determined according to the school-running cost, market demand and other factors and made available to the public. They are subject to the supervision by the relevant competent department.The measures for the collection of fees by non-profit privately-run schools shall be formulated by the people’s governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and centrally-administered municipalities; the charging criteria of for-profit privately-run schools are subject to market regulation and shall be determined by the schools themselves.
The fees collected by privately-run schools shall be used mainly for educational and teaching activities, improvement of the conditions of school operation and guarantee of the benefits for teachers of staff members.
Article 39 The use and financial management of the assets for privately-run schools shall be subject to supervision by the examination and approval authority and relevant departments.Privately-run schools shall prepare their financial and accounting statements at the end of each fiscal year, entrust public accounting firms to audit the statements according to law, and publish the audit results.
Chapter VI Administration and Supervision
Article 40 Administrative departments for education and the relevant departments shall provide guidance to privately-run schools in respect of education and teaching and training among teachers.
Article 41 Administrative departments for education and other relevant departments shall, in accordance with the law, exercise supervision over and provide guidance to privately-run schools, and establish the information disclosure system and the credit file system for such schools, in order to enhance the quality of the said schools; and they shall make arrangements or entrust intermediaries with the arrangements for assessing the level and the quality of education of such schools, and make the results of the assessment available to the public.
Article 42 The general regulations and advertisements for student enrollment of privately-run schools shall be submitted to the examination and approval authority for the record.
Article 43 Where a privately-run school infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of educatees, the educatees and their relatives shall have the right to make petition to the administrative department for education and any relevant department, and the said department shall handle it without delay.
Article 44 The State supports and encourages public intermediary bodies to provide services to privately-run schools.
Chapter VII Support and Reward
Article 45 People’s governments at or above the county level may set up special funds for financing the development of privately-run schools and for rewarding and commending the collectives and individuals that have made outstanding contributions.
Article 46 People’s governments at or above the county level may take the measures such as purchase of services, offering of loans or scholarships to students, lease or transfer of idle State-owned assets in support of privately-run schools; for non-profit privately-run schools in particular, they may also take such supportive measures as government subsidies, award funds and donations.
Article 47 Privately-run schools may enjoy the preferential taxation policies; and non-profit privately-run schools may enjoy the same preferential taxation policies with that for government-run.
Article 48 Privately-run schools may, in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the State, accept donations afforded by citizens, legal persons or other organizations.The State, in accordance with the relevant regulations, applies the preferential taxation policies to citizens, legal persons or other organizations that donate property to privately-run schools, and bestows commendations on them.
Article 49 The State encourages financial institutions to support the development of privately-run schools by means of credit.
Article 50 Where a people’s government entrusts a privately-run school with the task of compulsory education, it shall, in accordance with the agreement of entrustment, appropriate the necessary amount of funds for education.
Article 51 Where a non-profit privately-run school is constructed or expanded, the people’s government concerned shall, according to the principle of equal treatment to government-run, give it preferential treatment in the use of land through allocation or by other means. Where a for-profit privately-run school is constructed or expanded, the people’s government concerned shall supply the land according to relevant provisions of the State.No land to be used for education may be used for other purposes.
Article 52 The State takes measures to support and encourage public organizations and individuals to establish and run privately-run schools for the development of education in minority nationality areas and in out-lying and poverty-stricken areas.
Chapter VIII Alteration and Termination
Article 53 The executive council or the board of directors of a privately-run school to be divided or merged into other schools shall, after financial settlement, apply to the examination and approval authority for approval.Where a privately-run school applies for division or merging, the examination and approval authority shall, within three months form the date it receives the application, give a reply in writing; and where the application is made for the division or merging of a privately-run institution of higher education, the examination and approval authority may, within six months from the date it receives the application, likewise give a reply in writing.
Article 54 For alteration of the sponsor of a privately-run school, the matter shall be put forth by the sponsor and, after financial settlement and upon agreement by the executive council or the board of directors of the school, submitted to the examination and approval authority for verification and approval.
Article 55 For alteration of the name, level, or category of a privately-run school, the matter shall be submitted by the executive council or the board of directors of the school to the examination and approval authority for approval.Where an application is made for the alteration of a privately-run school from one type to another, the examination and approval authority shall, within three months from the date it receives the application, give a reply in writing; and where the application is made for alteration to a privately-run institution of higher education, the examination and approval authority may, within six months from the date it receives the application, likewise give a reply in writing.
Article 56 Where a privately-run school falls under any of the following circumstances, it shall be terminated:
(1) it is required to be terminated according to the provisions of the articles of association of the school, and the termination is approved by the examination and approval authority;
(2) the license for running the school is revoked; or
(3) it cannot continue due to insolvency.
Article 57 When a privately-run school is to be terminated, it shall make proper arrangements for the students in school. When a privately-run school providing compulsory education is to be terminated, the examination and approval authority shall assist the school to make arrangements for the students to continue their studies.
Article 58 When a privately-run school is to be terminated, it shall make financial settlement according to law.Where a privately-run school requests termination itself, it shall make arrangements for the settlement; where it is abolished by the examination and approval authority according to law, the settlement shall be arranged by the authority; and where it is terminated because it cannot continue due to insolvency, the settlement shall be arranged by the people’s court.
Article 59 Property of a privately-run school shall be liquidated in the following order:
(1) tuition fees and extras and other expenses paid by educatees that should be returned;
(2) wages payable to the teachers and staff members and the social insurance premiums that should be paid; and
(3) other debts that should be cleared off.The remaining property of a non-profit privately-run school after the debts mentioned above are settled shall continue to be used for the running of other non-profit schools; the remaining property of a for-profit privately-run school after the debts mentioned above are settled shall be disposed of according to relevant provisions of the Company Law.
Article 60 When a privately-run school is terminated, the license for running the school shall be taken back, its seals destroyed and its registration cancelled by the examination and approval authority.
Article 61 Where, in conducting education activities, a privately-run school violates the provisions of the Education Law or the Teachers Law, it shall be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Education Law or the Teachers Law.
Article 62 Where a privately-run school commits one of the following acts, the administrative department for education, the administrative department for human resources and social security or other relevant department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to rectify within a time limit and give it a disciplinary warning; any unlawful earning derived therefrom shall be confiscated after returning the fees collected; if the circumstances are serious, the school shall be ordered to stop enrolling students and its business license shall be revoked; and if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law:“(1) dividing or merging the privately-run school without authorization;
“(2) altering the name, level, category and sponsor of the privately-run school without authorization;
“(3) releasing false brochure of enrollment or advertisements for the purpose of defrauding money;
“(4) unlawfully issuing or forging academic credentials, certificates of courses completed, certificates of training or vocational qualification certificates;
“(5) poor management, which seriously affects education and teaching and exerts a bad influence on society;
“(6) obtaining the license for running the school by submitting false supporting documents or concealing important facts by other deceptive means;
“(7) forging, counterfeiting, dealing in, renting or lending its license for running the school; and
“(8) terminating the school in bad faith, illegally withdrawing its funds or misappropriating the funds for running the school.
Article 63 Where the administrative department for education, the administrative department for human resources and social security or other relevant department of the people’s government at or above the county level commits one of the following acts, it shall be ordered by the authority at the higher level to rectify; if the circumstances are serious, the persons directly in charge and the other persons directly liable shall be given sanctions according to law; if economic losses are caused, it shall bear the liability to pay compensation according to law; and if a crime is constituted, it shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law:“(1) failing to give a reply within the prescribed time limit to an accepted application for the establishment of a privately-run school;
“(2) giving approval to an application which does not meet the conditions provided for in this Law;
“(3) careless administration causing serious consequences;
“(4) collecting fees in violation of the relevant regulations of the State;
“(5) infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a privately-run school; or
“(6) abusing its powers or engaging in malpractices in other ways.”
Article 64 Whoever, in violation of relevant provisions of the State, establishes or runs a private school without authorization, shall be ordered by the administrative department for education or the administrative department for human resources and social security of the people’s government at or above the county level together with the public security department, the civil affairs department, the administrative department for market regulation or other relevant department at the same level to stop the school running and return the fees collected, and a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times unlawful gains shall be imposed thereon; if the case constitutes a violation of public security administration, the public security organ shall impose a penalty for public security administration in accordance with the law; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be investigated in accordance with the law.
Chapter X Supplementary Provisions
Article 65 The privately-run schools as mentioned in this Law include other privately-run institutions of education established according to law.The principals as mentioned in this Law include the principal administrative persons in charge of other privately-run institutions of education.
Article 66 Measures for schools established and run cooperatively by overseas organizations or individuals within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 67 This Law shall go into effect as of 1 September 2003. The Regulations on Schools Run by Different Sectors of Society issued by the State Council on 31 July 1997 shall be abolished at the same time.